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	<title>呵_呵 &#187; ewhfgfgrio</title>
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		<title>搞学术，就像炒股，热的时候才买进就已经迟了</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 05 Jul 2011 17:37:48 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[小笔记]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[首先声明， 1）我不是学心理学史的，对以下提到的名词概念也不求甚解，不要把我的理解当作就是该概念的定义； 2）下图中名词之间没有必然的历史先后顺序 3）下图没有试图把所有的流派和理论都来一个梳理，我只是喜欢说哪个，就把哪个东西加进去，所以是很片面的。 &#160;&#160; &#160;不过，它确实是我思考所留下的一些笔记，也算是我对所知的心理学理论的一个整理，仅供有耐心读完的童鞋阅读。 &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;除了心理学史的教材上，对各种心理学流派的区分之外，我觉得不同流派的背后，是否对人有着某些更本质的看法。下面主要谈3种：一种把人当动物看，一种把人当机器看，一种是把人当外壳看。 &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;弗洛伊德被迟毓凯老师戏称是&#8220;老流氓&#8221;，&#8220;山川河岳都能想像成生殖器弗洛伊德&#8221;。在弗洛伊德眼里，&#8220;人无异于禽兽&#8221;，只是被超我驯服着，人本质上受&#8220;性&#8221;欲（libido）所驱使；荣格所说的集体潜意识，是几千年来人类世世代代的经验库在我们大脑中的痕迹；Richard&#160;Dawkins所说的迷因（meme），是DNA的一个类比，意指文化的遗传因子，（它虽然不像DNA那样是个物理实体，）但它会像生物演化那样，具有复制、变异与选择的演化过程；而进化心理学则把生物进化的观点继续推进，认为不仅我们的身体（physical&#160;body）在演化，就连我们的认知过程、行为也体现出演化的痕迹，我们之所以喜欢甜食、男生之所以喜欢漂亮的女生等心理和行为，本质上都是都是为了更好地繁衍成功。 &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;把这几个概念同时呈现的时候，我在想，它们似乎都有些共同点：都谈到遗传/繁殖，都谈到了认知模式具有可遗传性，它深深扎根在我们的大脑里，在无意识地影响着我们的行为，并一代代复演着。而被我搁在一边的华生，在他眼里，我们其实就是巴甫洛夫的那条狗，刺激-反应的条件反射就是我们的行为模式。以上几种观点，本质上就是把人&#8220;退化&#8221;到动物的这个身份来思考，看看动物身上具有什么特点，然后把它推广到人身上。 &#160; &#160; &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;第2种观点是把人当机器看。认知心理、认知科学本质上是深受电脑这一发明的影响。蔡华俭老师也曾经谈过，&#8220;在某种程度上讲，当今的心理学已经被认知化了，把人脑作为信息加工的机器的范式已经成了几乎所有的心理学领域一种基本取向。&#8221; 像图示（schema）、表征（representation）这类的词汇，充斥着我们的文献，而不仅仅限于认知心理里面。 &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;之前接触过心理系的Dr.&#160;Love和Dr.&#160;Markman将机器学习里的reinforcment&#160;learning应用到人的决策，运用贝叶斯模型等computational&#160;modeling来模拟人的决策行为。虽然不是很了解这些技术，但有时候会觉得把认知看得太模型化、太机械化。Herbert&#160;Simon说的好，把人当机器看来研究人的大脑，其好处是，利用了计算机强大的计算功能，而我们想要看到的，不仅仅是说电脑能做些什么，而是它们是怎么做到这些的，通过电脑来理解大脑。[1] &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;而我个人的理解是，把大脑类比成计算机，可以将很多东西简便化，e.g.符号化运算。例如，将图像的知觉、记忆的强度等转化成可以运算的符号。这就像把数码相机把图像转换成一个个像素，每个像素由它的RGB数值来代表（这个类比是用来方便理解，我不确定现实是否如此？），而Photoshop的奇妙之处在于，以前我们对图像的视觉处理可能要经过大脑的高级思维过程，而Photoshop把它简化为对一堆数字的数学运算。呵呵，听起来有点像笛卡尔的坐标系，打通了几何和代数之间的&#8220;任督二脉&#8221;，把几何问题转化为代数问题来解决。分析哲学也是类似，用符号表征问题，把哲学命题转化为数学问题，这样的话，凡是可以用语言（符号）表征的问题，最终都可以（交给数学家来）解决。符号化运算，可以在解决这些问题时，省略（乃至忽略）符号背后所代表的意义。就像Photoshop的图片加工，本质上变成了数学游戏，而非对视觉图像的美感处理。 &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;而至于联结主义，它把大脑比作网络，也很是方便了脑科学的研究。回顾上面，把人看做动物、把人看做机器，它们都使用了类比（analogy）的方式，把一个事物类比做另外一个事实，从而便于我们思考。 &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;上面谈的都是心理对行为的影响，而现在很流行的具身认知，说的则是我们的这副躯体，会制约我们的认知。虽然在wikipedia上，介绍具身认知的历史时，没有提到美国心理学的先驱詹姆斯，但我觉得具身认知跟本科时学到的关于情绪的理论，有貌合神离之处。詹姆斯认为，情绪是我们的大脑对躯体反应的知觉而表现出来的，我们是&#8220;因为哭，所以伤心；因为心跳，所以紧张&#8221;。 结语： &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;个人觉得，在理解心理学的不同学派的时候，很有必要了解一下其所处时代的哲学思潮。像弗洛伊德提出精神分析的时候，（好像？）正是叔本华、尼采等人高举反理性主义的旗帜的年代。像具身认知的热潮，是之前situated&#160;cognition的继续推进，之前的situated&#160;cognition认为我们的认知是在情境中发生的，所以在理解这些认知过程的时候，不能脱离开它所处的社会文化的（大）背景。而具身认知在一定程度上说，是把镜头再拉近，认为认知过程就是发生在这个躯体上的，也因此受制于这个外壳。 &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;而我个人觉得，有一些哲学思想还没有很大地渗透到心理学里面来，例如建构主义、解构主义、后现代主义等。建构主义在教育学中确实已经有很大的影响；而在心理咨询中，我觉得艾利斯的合理情绪疗法（ABC理论）、凯利的个人建构理论，都是建构主义在心理学中的体现；而在经济学中，之前偶然碰到一个用于解释禀赋效应的理论&#8212;Query&#160;Theory，也是带有建构主义的味道。然而，我觉得在主流的心理学中，我好像鲜有看见建构主义的身影。 &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;而至于后现代主义，我对它的粗浅理解是，去中心化和强调个体化。在工业时代的批量生产过后，现代的生产技术足以满足个体个性化的需求。但由于心理学的这一学科还在幼年期，对普遍性的规律都还没研究完，顾不及个体的问题。所以，哪怕我们的研究得出点什么成果，它更多地只是一个统计概率的结果，这就是心理学文献中的高频词&#8220;显著性地&#8221;（significantly）的本质意思，具体到个人的时候，它的预测性就低很多了。 &#160; 补白： &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;当一个理论已经为大家所熟知的时候，这个理论很可能已经有一段历史了，像现在大家耳熟能详的卡尼曼和Tversky，他们早在70年代的时候就开始他们的研究了（而现在是2011年，整整40年了！）。搞学术、做其他事，跟炒股一样。当你知道万科现在卖25元的时候，你会后悔为什么当初它卖几毛钱的时候，自己不进点货。而你之所以会这样后悔，是因为你站在了现在这个时间点去看。这就像是盖住了明后10年的走势图，谁都预测不了自己的明天是涨是跌。（我说这句话的时候，确实是很有感触，所以在博客上提了好几遍） &#160;&#160; &#160; 希望在学术上，我们能有一天看到，先有Youku，后有Youtube，先有人人网，后有Facebook。 [1]&#160;&#160;&#160;&#34;AI&#160; can&#160; have&#160; two&#160; [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><br />
	</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#00f;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">首先声明，</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#00f;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">1）我不是学心理学史的，对以下提到的名词概念也不求甚解，不要把我的理解当作就是该概念的定义；</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#00f;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">2）下图中名词之间没有必然的</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; ">历史</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; ">先后顺序</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#00f;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">3）下图没有试图把所有的流派和理论都来一个梳理，我只是喜欢说哪个，就把哪个东西加进去，所以是很片面的。</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#00f;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;不过，它确实是我思考所留下的一些笔记，也算是我对所知的心理学理论的一个整理，仅供有耐心读完的童鞋阅读。</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><a href="http://ww1.sinaimg.cn/large/4130f257jw1divsa3g9n3j.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="400" src="http://ww1.sinaimg.cn/large/4130f257jw1divsa3g9n3j.jpg" title="historyofpsy" width="569" /></a></p>
<div class="Section0" style="layout-grid:15.6000pt;<br />
">
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;除了心理学史的教材上，对各种心理学流派的区分之外，我觉得不同流派的背后，是否对人有着某些更本质的看法。下面主要谈3种：一种把人当动物看，一种把人当机器看，一种是把人当外壳看。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;弗洛伊德被迟毓凯老师戏称是&ldquo;老流氓&rdquo;，&ldquo;山川河岳都能想像成生殖器弗洛伊德&rdquo;。在弗洛伊德眼里，&ldquo;人无异于禽兽&rdquo;，只是被超我驯服着，人本质上受&ldquo;性&rdquo;欲（libido）所驱使；荣格所说的集体潜意识，是几千年来人类世世代代的经验库在我们大脑中的痕迹；Richard&nbsp;Dawkins所说的迷因（meme），是DNA的一个类比，意指文化的遗传因子，（它虽然不像DNA那样是个物理实体，）但它会像生物演化那样，具有复制、变异与选择的演化过程；而进化心理学则把生物进化的观点继续推进，认为不仅我们的身体（physical&nbsp;body）在演化，就连我们的认知过程、行为也体现出演化的痕迹，我们之所以喜欢甜食、男生之所以喜欢漂亮的女生等心理和行为，本质上都是都是为了更好地繁衍成功。</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(34,34,34); font-size:9.0000pt; font-family:'Arial'; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;把这几个概念同时呈现的时候，我在想，<strong><span style="color:#696969;">它们似乎都有些共同点：都谈到遗传/繁殖，都谈到了认知模式具有可遗传性，它深深扎根在我们的大脑里，在无意识地影响着我们的行为，并一代代复演着。</span></strong></span>而被我搁在一边的华生，在他眼里，我们其实就是巴甫洛夫的那条狗，刺激-反应的条件反射就是我们的行为模式。<strong><span style="color:#ff8c00;">以上几种观点，本质上就是把人&ldquo;退化&rdquo;到动物的这个身份来思考，看看动物身上具有什么特点，然后把它推广到人身上。</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span id="more-44573"></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><font class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</font><span class="Apple-style-span"><strong>第2种观点是把人当机器看。</strong>认知心理、认知科学本质上是深受电脑这一发明的影响。<a href="http://feizhihong.ycool.com/post.4580411.html">蔡华俭老师</a>也曾经谈过，&ldquo;在某种程度上讲，当今的心理学已经被认知化了，把人脑作为信息加工的机器的范式已经成了几乎所有的心理学领域一种基本取向。&rdquo; 像图示（schema）、表征（representation）这类的词汇，充斥着我们的文献，而不仅仅限于认知心理里面。</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span>之前接触过心理系的Dr.&nbsp;Love和Dr.&nbsp;Markman将机器学习里的reinforcment&nbsp;learning应用到人的决策，运用贝叶斯模型等computational&nbsp;modeling来模拟人的决策行为。虽然不是很了解这些技术，但有时候会觉得把认知看得太模型化、太机械化。Herbert&nbsp;Simon说的好，把人当机器看来研究人的大脑，其好处是，利用了计算机强大的计算功能，<strong>而我们想要看到的，不仅仅是说电脑能做些什么，而是它们是怎么做到这些的</strong>，通过电脑来理解大脑。<sup>[1]</sup></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span>而我个人的理解是，<strong><span style="color:#ff8c00;">把大脑类比成计算机，可以将很多东西简便化，e.g.符号化运算。</span></strong></span>例如，将图像的知觉、记忆的强度等转化成可以运算的符号。这就像把数码相机把图像转换成一个个像素，每个像素由它的RGB数值来代表（这个类比是用来方便理解，我不确定现实是否如此？），<strong>而Photoshop的奇妙之处在于，以前我们对图像的视觉处理可能要经过大脑的高级思维过程，而Photoshop把它简化为对一堆数字的数学运算。呵呵，听起来有点像笛卡尔的坐标系，打通了几何和代数之间的&ldquo;任督二脉&rdquo;，把几何问题转化为代数问题来解决。</strong>分析哲学也是类似，用符号表征问题，把哲学命题转化为数学问题，这样的话，凡是可以用语言（符号）表征的问题，最终都可以（交给数学家来）解决。符号化运算，可以在解决这些问题时，省略（乃至忽略）符号背后所代表的意义。<strong>就像</strong></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><strong>Photoshop的图片加工，本质上变成了数学游戏，而非对视觉图像的美感处理。</strong></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">而至于联结主义，它把大脑比作网络，也很是方便了脑科学的研究。回顾上面，把人看做动物、把人看做机器，它们都使用了类比（analogy）的方式，把一个事物类比做另外一个事实，从而便于我们思考。</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="font-size:14px;"><br />
		</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span>上面谈的都是心理对行为的影响，而现在很流行的具身认知，说的则是我们的这副躯体，会制约我们的认知。虽然在wikipedia上，介绍具身认知的历史时，没有提到美国心理学的先驱詹姆斯，但我觉得具身认知跟本科时学到的关于情绪的理论，有貌合神离之处。詹姆斯认为，情绪是我们的大脑对躯体反应的知觉而表现出来的，我们是&ldquo;因为哭，所以伤心；因为心跳，所以紧张&rdquo;。</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br />
		</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(34,34,34); font-size:9.0000pt; font-family:'Arial'; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">结语：</span></strong></span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(34,34,34); font-size:9.0000pt; font-family:'Arial'; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span>个人觉得，在理解心理学的不同学派的时候，很有必要了解一下其所处时代的哲学思潮。像弗洛伊德提出精神分析的时候，（好像？）正是叔本华、尼采等人高举反理性主义的旗帜的年代。像具身认知的热潮，是之前situated&nbsp;cognition的继续推进，之前的situated&nbsp;cognition认为我们的认知是在情境中发生的，所以在理解这些认知过程的时候，不能脱离开它所处的社会文化的（大）背景。<strong><span style="color:#ff8c00;">而具身认知在一定程度上说，是把镜头再拉近，认为认知过程就是发生在这个躯体上的，也因此受制于这个外壳。</span></strong></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><font class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</font></span><span class="Apple-style-span">而我个人觉得，有一些哲学思想还没有很大地渗透到心理学里面来，例如建构主义、解构主义、后现代主义等。建构主义在教育学中确实已经有很大的影响；而在心理咨询中，我觉得艾利斯的合理情绪疗法（ABC理论）、凯利的个人建构理论，都是建构主义在心理学中的体现；而在经济学中，之前偶然碰到一个用于解释禀赋效应的理论&#8212;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_theory">Query&nbsp;Theory</a>，也是带有建构主义的味道。然而，我觉得在主流的心理学中，我好像鲜有看见建构主义的身影。</span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; "><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span>而至于后现代主义，我对它的粗浅理解是，去中心化和强调个体化。在工业时代的批量生产过后，现代的生产技术足以满足个体个性化的需求。但由于心理学的这一学科还在幼年期，对普遍性的规律都还没研究完，顾不及个体的问题。所以，哪怕我们的研究得出点什么成果，它更多地只是一个统计概率的结果，这就是心理学文献中的高频词&ldquo;显著性地&rdquo;（</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">significantly）</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">的本质意思，具体到个人的时候，它的预测性就低很多了。</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family: Arial; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><strong><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">补白：</span></strong></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:5.0000pt; margin-top:5.0000pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(34,34,34); font-size:9.0000pt; font-family:'Arial'; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span class="Apple-style-span">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span>当一个理论已经为大家所熟知的时候，这个理论很可能已经有一段历史了，像现在大家耳熟能详的卡尼曼和Tversky，他们早在70年代的时候就开始他们的研究了（而现在是2011年，整整40年了！）。搞学术、做其他事，跟炒股一样。当你知道万科现在卖25元的时候，你会后悔为什么当初它卖几毛钱的时候，自己不进点货。而你之所以会这样后悔，是因为你站在了现在这个时间点去看。这就像是盖住了明后10年的走势图，</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">谁都预测不了自己的明天是涨是跌。</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">（我说这句话的时候，确实是很有感触，所以在博客上提了好几遍）</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 希望在学术上，我们能有一天看到，先有</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Youku</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">，后有</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Youtube，</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">先有</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">人人网</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">，后有</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">Facebook</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><br />
		</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><font class="Apple-style-span"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; ">[1]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">&quot;AI&nbsp; can&nbsp; have&nbsp; two&nbsp; purposes.&nbsp; One&nbsp; is&nbsp; to&nbsp; use&nbsp; the&nbsp; power&nbsp; of&nbsp; computers&nbsp; to augment human thinking, just as we use motors to augment human or horse power. Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that. The other is to use a computer&#39;s artificial intelligence to understand how humans think. In a humanoid way. If you test your programs not merely by what&nbsp;</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; "><span style="color:#000;"><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><font class="Apple-style-span">they&nbsp; can&nbsp; accomplish,&nbsp; but&nbsp; how&nbsp; they&nbsp; accomplish&nbsp; it,&nbsp; then&nbsp; you&#39;re&nbsp; really&nbsp; doing&nbsp; cognitive&nbsp; science; you&#39;re using AI to understand the human mind.&quot;</font></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &#8212;-<span class="Apple-style-span">Herbert&nbsp;Simon</span></span></span></p>
</blockquote>
<p><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(34,34,34); font-size:9.0000pt; font-family:'Arial'; background:rgb(255,255,255); "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#000;"><br />
		</span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><strong>推荐：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>关于贝叶斯：</strong>Dr.Love在Behavioral and Brain Sciences写了篇target文章，介绍最近十分流行的贝叶斯。他说，每一次技术层面的突破，都会带来学术理论上的狂热，但他提醒大家，当年联结主义的提出也是引起一阵热潮，但由于当时的学者们没有深思这一技术背后代表的实质心理意义，为了避免贝叶斯重蹈联结主义的旧路，而提出了一些思考。（<a href="http://love.psy.utexas.edu/~love/papers/JonesLoveInPress.pdf">PDF下载</a>）</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>关于computational modeling</strong>：集智俱乐部办的几期关于计算心理的学习交流会（<strong><a href="http://www.swarmagents.com/weblifter/activity.asp?paraType=2&amp;father=%22%BC%C6%CB%E3%D0%C4%C0%ED%D1%A7%22%B6%C1%CA%E9%BB%E1">网址</a></strong>）</span></li>
</ul>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<div class="Section0" style="layout-grid:15.6000pt;<br />
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<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><br />
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</div>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://copsy.info/hehe/?feed=rss2&#038;p=44573</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>心理咨询的10个“谣言”</title>
		<link>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44558</link>
		<comments>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44558#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Jul 2011 18:10:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ewhfgfgrio</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[读Paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44558</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[【为避免谬种流传，成为第11条谣言，请看完下面的图】&#8230;.谢谢@沉默的马大爷&#160;请来各位专业人士&#8230;谢谢@边缘立夏]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center; "><a href="http://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/4130f257jw1dith0f8xzoj.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="840" src="http://ww3.sinaimg.cn/large/4130f257jw1dith0f8xzoj.jpg" width="560" /></a></p>
<div class='et-learn-more'>
					<h3 class='heading-more'><span>文字版</span></h3>
					<div class='learn-more-content'>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">发泄负面的情绪（e.g.生气），可以让它减少，但实际正好相反</span></span><span style="font-size:11px;"><span style="color:#808080;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; ">（Bushman,&nbsp;Bonacci,&nbsp;Pedersen,&nbsp;Vasquez,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;MIller,&nbsp;2005;&nbsp;Tavris,&nbsp;1989）</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">人们经常提到分离性身份障碍(disscociateive&nbsp;identity&nbsp;disorder)即多重人格这个词，但现实是有多重人格的人是极其少，更多只是出现在电影中<span style="color:#808080;"><span style="font-size:11px;">（Lilienfeld&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Lynn,&nbsp;2003;&nbsp;Piper&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Merskey,&nbsp;2004;&nbsp;rieber&nbsp;,2006）</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">有人将小孩是否对逼真的解剖娃娃（anatomically&nbsp;realistic&nbsp;doll）作为判断孩子是否遭到虐待的可靠参考，但发现并非如此</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="color:#a9a9a9;"><span style="font-size:10px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; ">（Bruck,&nbsp;Cecil,&nbsp;Francoeur&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Renick,&nbsp;1995;&nbsp;Hunsley,&nbsp;Lee,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Wood,&nbsp;2003,&nbsp;Koocher,&nbsp;Goddman,&nbsp;White,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Friedrich,&nbsp;1995;&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color:#a9a9a9;"><span style="font-size:10px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; ">Wood,&nbsp;Nezworski,&nbsp;Lilienfeld,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Gard,&nbsp;2003）</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">
	</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">大部分遭受虐待孩子，其父母在年少时也遭受虐待，陷入&ldquo;虐待的轮回&rdquo;，而现实中大部分情况并非如此<span style="color:#808080;"><span style="font-size:11px;">（Kaufman&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Zigler,&nbsp;1987）</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">在调查孩子是否遭到性虐待时，我们会以为小孩子应该不会对这种事情撒谎或错误记忆，但现实是他们其实是会的，尤其是当审问他们的成年人已经存有观念认为他们确实遭受过虐待</span><span style="color:#808080;"><span style="font-size:11px;">（Bruck,&nbsp;2003;&nbsp;Ceci&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Brcuk,&nbsp;1995;&nbsp;Garven,&nbsp;Wood,&nbsp;Malpass,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Shaw,&nbsp;1998）</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">在儿童或成年时遭受过创伤的人，经常压抑这些记忆，但现实情况通常是因为人们无法去忘记这些记忆<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color:#a9a9a9;">（Loftus&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Ketcham,&nbsp;1994,&nbsp;McNally,&nbsp;2003）</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">在评估儿童监护权时，人们会使用投射性测试，但现实是这些测试是无用的<span style="color:#a9a9a9;"><span style="font-size:11px;">（Emery,&nbsp;Otto,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;O&#39;Donohue,&nbsp;2005）</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">人们认为，催眠是提取过去记忆的一种有效方式，甚至能记起孩童时的记忆，而现实情况是催眠更容易产生虚构和虚假记忆<span style="color:#808080;"><span style="font-size:11px;">（Dinges,&nbsp;&nbsp;Whitehouse,&nbsp;Orene,&nbsp;Powell,&nbsp;Orne&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;,1992;&nbsp;Kihlstrom,&nbsp;1994;&nbsp;Nash,&nbsp;1987）</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">认为自尊（self-esteem）是所有社会和个人问题的根源，这些问题包括学业成绩、吸毒、青年犯罪，而数百个研究发现，这个观点没能找到信服性的证据<span style="color:#808080;"><span style="font-size:11px;">（Baumeister,&nbsp;Campbell,&nbsp;Krueger,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Vohs,&nbsp;2003）</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">以为紧急事件应激晤谈(Critical&nbsp;Incident&nbsp;Stress&nbsp;Debriefing,&nbsp;CISD)可以避免遭受了这些重大事件/灾祸的人，产生创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic&nbsp;stress&nbsp;disorder,&nbsp;PTSD)，而事实发现它是无效的，</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">或会</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">增加PTSD的可能<span style="color:#808080;"><span style="font-size:10px;">（Gist,&nbsp;Lubin,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Redburn,&nbsp;1998;&nbsp;Mayou,&nbsp;Ehlers,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Hobbs,&nbsp;2000;&nbsp;van&nbsp;Emmerik,&nbsp;Kamphuis,&nbsp;Hulsbosch,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Emelkamp,&nbsp;2002;&nbsp;van&nbsp;Ommeren,&nbsp;Saxena,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Saraceno,&nbsp;2005)</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; line-height:150%; "><strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">摘自</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Carole&nbsp;Wade</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">.&nbsp;(</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">2009</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;Chapter&nbsp;2.&nbsp;Critical&nbsp;Thinking:&nbsp;Needed&nbsp;Now&nbsp;More&nbsp;Than&nbsp;Ever.</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;</span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
				</div>
<p><strong><span style="color:#f00;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px; ">【为避免谬种流传，成为第11条谣言，请看完下面的图】&#8230;.谢谢<a href="http://www.wbto.cn/" style="color: rgb(44, 56, 94); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; ">@沉默的马大爷</a>&nbsp;请来各位专业人士&#8230;谢谢<a href="http://www.wbto.cn/" style="color: rgb(44, 56, 94); text-decoration: none; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; ">@边缘立夏</a></span></span></strong></p>
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		<item>
		<title>APA对心理学学科教育的纲领</title>
		<link>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44544</link>
		<comments>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44544#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Jul 2011 02:37:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ewhfgfgrio</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[留学在美国]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44544</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160; 从高中到本科、再到研究生入学考试，了解一下美国对心理学的学科指导纲领。（以后看完后再介绍） &#160; 1）National Standards for High School Psychology Curricula &#160; &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;在线阅读；PDF下载 2）APA Guidelines for the Undergraduate Psychology Major &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;PDF下载 3）美国研究生入学考试GRE Psychology subject &#160;&#160; &#160; 有兴趣的同学可以下载这个文件，自己做题目试试 &#160;]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="artTitle" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(104, 133, 164); font-size: 1.8em; clear: both; line-height: 1em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span style="font-size:14px;">从高中到本科、再到研究生入学考试，了解一下美国对心理学的学科指导纲领。（以后看完后再介绍）</span></div>
<div class="artTitle" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(104, 133, 164); font-size: 1.8em; clear: both; line-height: 1em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">&nbsp;</div>
<div class="artTitle" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(104, 133, 164); font-size: 1.8em; clear: both; line-height: 1em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">1）National Standards for High School Psychology Curricula &nbsp;</span></strong></div>
<div class="artSubTitle" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(104, 133, 164); font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<u><a href="http://www.apa.org/education/k12/national-standards.aspx">在线阅读</a></u>；<u><a href="http://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/topss/national-standards.pdf">PDF下载</a></u></div>
<div class="artSubTitle" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(104, 133, 164); font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 21px; font-weight: normal; "><strong><span style="font-size:16px;">2）APA Guidelines for the Undergraduate Psychology Major</span></strong></span></div>
<div class="artSubTitle" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(104, 133, 164); font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 21px; font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span><u><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 15px; "><a href="http://www.apa.org/ed/psymajor_guideline.pd">PDF下载</a></span></u></span></div>
<div class="artSubTitle" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; ">
<div class="artTitle" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(104, 133, 164); font-size: 1.8em; clear: both; line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size:16px;"><strong>3）美国研究生入学考试GRE Psychology subject</strong></span></div>
<div class="artTitle" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(104, 133, 164); font-size: 1.8em; clear: both; line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 有兴趣的同学可以<u><a href="http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/10010387.html?from=like&amp;retcode=0">下载这个文件</a></u>，自己做题目试试</span></div>
<div class="artTitle" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(104, 133, 164); font-size: 1.8em; clear: both; line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; ">&nbsp;</div>
<div class='et-learn-more'>
					<h3 class='heading-more'><span>GRE心理学考试大纲及试卷组成</span></h3>
					<div class='learn-more-content'>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div class="Section0" style="layout-grid:15.6000pt;
">
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:6.0000pt; margin-top:6.0000pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; text-align:center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); letter-spacing:-0.5500pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:9.0000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">GRE&nbsp;<font face="宋体">心理学考试大纲及试卷组成（中文翻译）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; letter-spacing:-0.5500pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Arial'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:1.5000pt; margin-top:7.5000pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; line-height:10.5000pt; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:bold; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">1<font face="宋体">．实验或自然科学导向的题目</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; "><font face="宋体">（约占题目总数的40%）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(104,133,164); font-weight:normal; font-size:18.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:1.5000pt; margin-top:7.5000pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">包括学习，语言，记忆，思考，知觉和感觉，生理心理学，动物行为学和比较心理学。这部分得分记入实验心理学的子分数，也将记入测试的总分数。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:1.5000pt; margin-top:7.5000pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; line-height:10.5000pt; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:bold; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">2<font face="宋体">．社会或社会科学导向的题目（约占题目总数的43%）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; "><font face="宋体">。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(104,133,164); font-weight:normal; font-size:18.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:1.5000pt; margin-top:7.5000pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; line-height:10.5000pt; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">这些题目分布在临床心理学，变态心理学，发展心理学，人格心理学和社会心理学中。这部分的得分将记入社会心理学的子分数中，也将记入总分。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">
			</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(104,133,164); font-weight:normal; font-size:18.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:1.5000pt; margin-top:7.5000pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; line-height:10.5000pt; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:bold; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">3<font face="宋体">．综合题目（约占题目总数的17%）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(104,133,164); font-weight:normal; font-size:18.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:1.5000pt; margin-top:7.5000pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; line-height:10.5000pt; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">包括心理学史，应用心理学，测量，实验设计，以及统计。这部分的分数只记入总分。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">
			</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">属于不同子分数范围的题目将贯穿于整个测试中，并没有分开并分别标识出，尽管有些从一个个别的学科内容提出的问题会连续出现</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:normal; font-size:18.0000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; "><font face="宋体">。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(104,133,164); font-weight:normal; font-size:18.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:6.0000pt; margin-top:6.0000pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; line-height:10.5000pt; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(104,133,164); letter-spacing:-0.5500pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Arial'; ">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(104,133,164); letter-spacing:-0.5500pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Arial'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:6.0000pt; margin-top:6.0000pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; text-align:center; line-height:10.5000pt; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); letter-spacing:-0.5500pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:9.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">GRE&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); letter-spacing:-0.5500pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:9.0000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; "><font face="宋体">心理学考试大纲及试卷组成（英文原文）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(104,133,164); letter-spacing:-0.5500pt; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Arial'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:bold; font-style:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:bold; font-style:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">I.&nbsp;EXPERIMENTAL&nbsp;SUBSCORE&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;40%</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(68,68,68); font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Verdana'; ">
			</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(0,0,0); font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-size:13.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Learning&nbsp;(3&ndash;5%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Classical&nbsp;Conditioning</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Instrumental&nbsp;Conditioning</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Observational&nbsp;Learning,&nbsp;Modeling</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories,&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Language&nbsp;(3&ndash;4%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Units&nbsp;(phonemes,&nbsp;morphemes,&nbsp;phrases)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Syntax</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Meaning</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Speech&nbsp;Perception&nbsp;and&nbsp;Processing</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Verbal&nbsp;and&nbsp;Nonverbal&nbsp;Communication</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Bilingualism</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories,&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Memory&nbsp;(7&ndash;9%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Working&nbsp;Memory</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Long-term&nbsp;Memory</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Types&nbsp;of&nbsp;Memory</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Memory&nbsp;Systems&nbsp;and&nbsp;Processes</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories,&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Thinking&nbsp;(4&ndash;6%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Representation&nbsp;(Categorization,&nbsp;Imagery,&nbsp;Schemas,&nbsp;Scripts)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Problem&nbsp;Solving</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Judgment&nbsp;and&nbsp;Decision-Making&nbsp;Processes</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Planning,&nbsp;Metacognition</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Intelligence</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories,&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Sensation&nbsp;and&nbsp;Perception&nbsp;(5&ndash;7%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Psychophysics,&nbsp;Signal&nbsp;Detection</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Attention</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Perceptual&nbsp;Organization</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Vision</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Audition</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Gustation</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Olfaction</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Somatosenses</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Vestibular&nbsp;and&nbsp;Kinesthetic&nbsp;Senses</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories,&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Physiological/Behavioral&nbsp;Neuroscience&nbsp;(12&ndash;14%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Neurons</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Sensory&nbsp;Structures&nbsp;and&nbsp;Processes</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Motor&nbsp;Structures&nbsp;and&nbsp;Functions</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Central&nbsp;Structures&nbsp;and&nbsp;Processes</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Motivation,&nbsp;Arousal,&nbsp;Emotion</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Cognitive&nbsp;Neuroscience</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Neuromodulators&nbsp;and&nbsp;Drugs</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Hormonal&nbsp;Factors</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Comparative&nbsp;and&nbsp;Ethology</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">States&nbsp;of&nbsp;Consciousness</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories,&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">II.&nbsp;SOCIAL&nbsp;SUBSCORE&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;43%</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">
			</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Clinical&nbsp;and&nbsp;Abnormal&nbsp;(12&ndash;14%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Stress,&nbsp;Conflict,&nbsp;Coping</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Diagnostic&nbsp;Systems</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Assessment</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Causes&nbsp;and&nbsp;Development&nbsp;of&nbsp;Disorders</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Neurophysiological&nbsp;Factors</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Treatment&nbsp;of&nbsp;Disorders</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Epidemiology</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Prevention</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Health&nbsp;Psychology</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories,&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Lifespan&nbsp;Development&nbsp;(12&ndash;14%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Nature-Nurture</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Physical&nbsp;and&nbsp;Motor</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Perception&nbsp;and&nbsp;Cognition</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Language</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Intelligence</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Social&nbsp;and&nbsp;Personality</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Emotion</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Socialization,&nbsp;Family&nbsp;and&nbsp;Cultural&nbsp;Influences</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories,&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Personality&nbsp;(3&ndash;5%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Structure</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Assessment</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Personality&nbsp;and&nbsp;Behavior</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Social&nbsp;(12&ndash;14%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Social&nbsp;Perception,&nbsp;Cognition,&nbsp;Attribution,&nbsp;Beliefs</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Attitudes&nbsp;and&nbsp;Behavior</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Social&nbsp;Comparison,&nbsp;Self</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Emotion,&nbsp;Affect&nbsp;and&nbsp;Motivation</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Conformity,&nbsp;Influence&nbsp;and&nbsp;Persuasion</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Interpersonal&nbsp;Attraction&nbsp;and&nbsp;Close&nbsp;Relationships</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Group&nbsp;and&nbsp;Intergroup&nbsp;Processes</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Cultural&nbsp;and&nbsp;Gender&nbsp;Influences</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Evolutionary&nbsp;Psychology,&nbsp;Altruism&nbsp;and&nbsp;Aggression</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Theories,&nbsp;Applications&nbsp;and&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-style:normal; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">III.&nbsp;OTHER&nbsp;AREAS&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;17%</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">
			</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">General&nbsp;(4&ndash;6%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">History</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Industrial-Organizational</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Educational</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:7.5000pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Symbol'; ">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Measurement&nbsp;and&nbsp;Methodology&nbsp;(11&ndash;13%)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Psychometrics,&nbsp;Test&nbsp;Construction,&nbsp;Reliability,&nbsp;Validity</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Research&nbsp;Designs</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Statistical&nbsp;Procedures</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Scientific&nbsp;Method&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;Evaluation&nbsp;of&nbsp;Evidence</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Ethics&nbsp;and&nbsp;Legal&nbsp;Issues</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:54.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; padding:0pt 0pt 0pt 0pt ; text-autospace:ideograph-other; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Courier New'; ">o&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">Analysis&nbsp;and&nbsp;Interpretation&nbsp;of&nbsp;Findings</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</p></div>
</div>
</div>
				</div>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://copsy.info/hehe/?feed=rss2&#038;p=44544</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>你有压力，我有压力——聊聊美国的IRB申请经历</title>
		<link>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44525</link>
		<comments>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44525#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 29 Jun 2011 22:19:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ewhfgfgrio</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[留学在美国]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44525</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160; &#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;没有最烦，只有更烦。 &#160;&#160; &#160; 这句话概括了这次申请IRB的过程。在美国，用人做实验的被试都要经过IRB（institutional review board）的审批。（别说是人，老鼠也是一样。幸亏我不是研究脑科学，如果是做PET的实验，估计没几个月批不下来） &#160;&#160; &#160; 尽管烦人，不过还是学到不少在实验过程中，需要注意的细节： 1）轻易不要改动实验过程。凡是要改，都得提交amendment，估计又得等几天。像我这样的无风险实验，从提交到最后审批用了1个半月。 2）你是通过什么方法招到这些被试，他们为什么愿意参加这个实验，你是不是用了硬性的（强迫）手段？尤其是，如果你是老师，直接在自己班里施测，如果学生不参加，会不会影响他们这门课的成绩。（甚至像我的proposal里，计划在上完一节课之后实测，IRB的人就帮我改成，实验人员在准备施测的时候，老师必须离开课室，以防老师看到哪些童鞋没有参加实验，影响到老师对学生的印象；然后在报告里，添加了一个说明，说实验中的得分高低，只适用于实验本身，不会影响学生的期末成绩） 3）consent form签了之后，还得封存2年（还是3年？忘了）。问卷或数据回收之后，得保管好，尤其是电脑中的数据，要防止其他人打开来看；若实验要求填写任何个人信息，你怎么对这些信息进行保密，你的信息录入电脑之后（和进行必要的数据分析、得出实验所需的结果之后），一般要将数据里的个人信息替换，e.g.填写的人名Brian House换成BH。而对原有的问卷，需要用黑色的笔涂掉或者用东西遮住被试的个人信息，无法在追认出原作者。 4）理论上说，对所有接触到问卷、参与数据录入和分析的实验人员都得经过培训，知道如何对数据中所涉及的任何个人信息进行严格地保密。e.g.如果你进行实验数据的传输，或者是通过网页在线收集数据，或者在email通信时发送了这类信息，你是否能保证这些信息没有泄露。避免&#8220;艳照门&#8221;。 &#160;&#160; &#160; 由于当时得在3个月内赶完毕业论文，心里着急，想她快点批。不过，现在想来，让我想起了那个巴士阿叔的对白 &#160;&#160; &#160; &#8220;你有压力，我有压力&#8221;]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center; "><strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><br />
	&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></strong><a href="http://www.dreamstime.com/stressful-documents-thumb677242.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="240" src="http://www.dreamstime.com/stressful-documents-thumb677242.jpg" width="219" /></a><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;没有最烦，只有更烦。</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 这句话概括了这次申请IRB的过程。在美国，用人做实验的被试都要经过IRB（institutional review board）的审批。（别说是人，老鼠也是一样。幸亏我不是研究脑科学，如果是做PET的实验，估计没几个月批不下来）</span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 尽管烦人，不过还是学到不少在实验过程中，需要注意的细节：</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>1）轻易不要<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>改动</strong></span>实验过程。</strong>凡是要改，都得提交amendment，估计又得等几天。像我这样的无风险实验，从提交到最后审批用了1个半月。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;">2）你</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">是通过什么方法招到这些被试，他们为什么愿意参加这个实验，你是不是用了硬性的（强迫）手段？尤其是，<strong>如果你是老师，直接在自己班里施测，</strong>如果学生不参加，会不会影响他们这门课的成绩。（甚至像我的proposal里，计划在上完一节课之后实测，<u>IRB的人就帮我改成，实验人员在准备施测的时候，老师必须离开课室，以防老师看到哪些童鞋没有参加实验，影响到老师对学生的印象；然后在报告里，添加了一个说明，说实验中的得分高低，只适用于实验本身，不会影响学生的期末成绩</u>）</span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">3）<strong>consent form签了之后，还得封存2年（还是3年？忘了）</strong>。问卷或数据回收之后，得保管好，尤其是电脑中的数据，要防止其他人打开来看；若实验要求填写任何个人信息，你怎么对这些信息进行保密，你的信息录入电脑之后（和进行必要的数据分析、得出实验所需的结果之后），<u>一般要将数据里的个人信息替换，e.g.填写的人名Brian House换成BH</u>。而对原有的问卷，需要用黑色的笔涂掉或者用东西遮住被试的个人信息，无法在追认出原作者。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 12px; "><span style="font-size: 14px; ">4）理论上说，对所有接触到问卷、参与数据录入和分析的实验人员都得经过培训，知道如何对数据中所涉及的任何个人信息进行严格地保密。e.g.<u>如果你进行实验数据的传输，或者是通过网页在线收集数据，或者在email通信时发送了这类信息，你是否能保证这些信息没有泄露</u>。<span style="color:#00f;">避免&ldquo;艳照门&rdquo;。</span></span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><br />
	</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 由于当时得在3个月内赶完毕业论文，心里着急，想她快点批。不过，现在想来，让我想起了那个巴士阿叔的对白</span></p>
<p><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &ldquo;你有压力，我有压力&rdquo;</span></strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><br />
	</span></p>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://copsy.info/hehe/?feed=rss2&#038;p=44525</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>When Words Hurts——言语遮蔽效应（verbal overshadowing）</title>
		<link>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44512</link>
		<comments>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44512#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2011 17:30:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ewhfgfgrio</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[读Paper]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[记忆]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44512</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160;&#160; &#160;世界真是小。 &#160;&#160; &#160;verbal shadowing是在去年本科的系主任告诉我她正在做的一个课题，当时看了一下有关的文献，写了下面的总结。不过，当时不是很想做记忆方面的研究了，所以看完之后就不了了之了。 &#160;&#160; &#160;没想到，今天看哈佛的一个讲座时，再次提到了Dr. Schooler，才知道他是个大牛。（跟下面的那篇诺布效应一样） 人们通常认为，对外部刺激事件的言语描述有助于记忆。但是，在下面的实验中，言语描述反而导致记忆效果更差，即出现言语遮蔽或译为语词遮蔽（verbal&#160;overshadowing） &#160; 经典实验 Schooler&#160;和&#160;Engstler-Schooler（1990）让被试观看一个长30&#160;秒的描述银行抢劫的录像片，随后是20&#160;分钟的分心任务，要求阅读几个短文，并回答与之有关的问题。接着把被试分成两组，分别接受不同的处理。 A组：用5分钟写下对抢劫者面貌的详细描述； B组：用5分钟阅读一些无关的文字。 结果发现，A组指认罪犯的准确率为&#160;38%，B组准确率却为&#160;64%。 &#160; Meissner&#160;and&#160;Brigham在2001年对做的一个统合分析（meta-analysis），发现语词遮蔽效应显著，效应大小（effect&#160;size）不强，Fish&#39;s&#160;Zr=.12。过去的研究也发现，这一效应有时候会不显著、没有、甚至相反，即言语描述增强了记忆效果。(Fallshore&#160;&#38;&#160;Schooler,&#160;1995;&#160;Melcher&#160;&#38;&#160;Schooler,&#160;1996;&#160;Schooler,&#160;Ryan,&#160;&#38;&#160;Reder,&#160;1996).&#160; 实验材料 把人脸换成一下材料，照样出现 &#216;&#160;视觉&#160;visual&#160;imagery&#160;(e.g.,&#160;Brandimonte&#160;&#38;&#160;Gerbino,&#160;1993) &#216;&#160;视觉&#160;colours&#160;(Schooler&#160;&#38;&#160;Engstler-Schooler,&#160;1990) &#216;&#160;味觉&#160;wine&#160;tasting&#160;(Melcher&#160;&#38;&#160;Schooler,&#160;1996)&#160;;&#160;&#160; &#216;&#160;味觉&#160;mushrooms&#160;(Melcher&#160;&#38;&#160;Schooler,&#160;2004) &#216;&#160;听觉&#160;voice&#160;recognition&#160;(Perfect,&#160;Hunt,&#160;&#38;&#160;Harris,&#160;2002) &#216;&#160;听觉&#160;music&#160;(Houser,&#160;Fiore,&#160;&#38;&#160;Schooler,&#160;1997) &#216;&#160;思考&#160;problem&#160;solving&#160;(Schooler,&#160;Ohlsson,&#160;&#38;&#160;Brooks,&#160;1993) &#216;&#160;思考&#160;analogical&#160;reasoning&#160;(Lane&#160;&#38;&#160;Schooler,&#160;2004)&#160; &#160; 三种机制 Chin&#160;and&#160;Schooler（2008）总结了现有研究解释这一现象的3种取向 &#160; 内容取向 将原始的（视觉）记忆，转成言语时，产生了错误表征（有点像记忆汇中的后摄抑制） Schooler&#160;and&#160;Engstler-Schooler,&#160;1990 &#160; &#160; 加工过程切换取向 图像感知&#8594;&#160;语言描述&#8594;图像再认 整体加工&#8594;&#160;局部加工&#8594;整体加工 Schooler,&#160;2002 &#160; 判断标准取向 &#160; 经过言语描述之后，在图像再认时更加谨慎 &#160; Clare&#160;&#38;&#160;Lewandowsky,&#160;2004 &#160; 内容取向 &#160;&#160; &#160; 即编码干扰理论（recoding&#160;interference&#160;theory） 加工过程切换取向 &#160;&#160; &#160; 即不合适的加工过程切换理论（transfer&#160;inappropriate&#160;processing&#160;shift）&#160; [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="color:#00f;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;世界真是小。</span><br />
	</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00f;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;verbal shadowing是</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; ">在去年</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; ">本科的系主任告诉我她正在做的一个课题，当时看了一下有关的文献，写了下面的总结。不过，当时不是很想做记忆方面的研究了，所以看完之后就不了了之了。</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#00f;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, 'BitStream vera Sans', Tahoma, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;没想到，今天看哈佛的一个讲座时，再次提到了Dr. Schooler，才知道他是个大牛。（跟下面的那篇诺布效应一样）</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; "><a href="http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/schooler/schooler_02.jpg"><img alt="" class="aligncenter" height="200" src="http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/people/faculty/schooler/schooler_02.jpg" title="Jonathan Schooler" width="150" /></a></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">人们通常认为，对外部刺激事件的言语描述有助于记忆。但是，在下面的实验中，言语描述反而导致记忆效果更差，即出现言语遮蔽或译为语词遮蔽<span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;">（verbal&nbsp;overshadowing）</span></font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体"><a href="http://justinsimoni.com/art/words_are_sweet_sounds_for_objects_unreal/words_are_sweet-800.jpg"><img alt="" height="300" src="http://justinsimoni.com/art/words_are_sweet_sounds_for_objects_unreal/words_are_sweet-800.jpg" width="223" /></a></font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">经典实验</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Schooler&nbsp;和&nbsp;Engstler-Schooler（1990）让被试观看一个长</span><span style="text-decoration: underline; font-size: 12pt; ">30&nbsp;秒</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">的描述银行抢劫的录像片，随后是20&nbsp;分钟的分心任务，要求阅读几个短文，并回答与之有关的问题。接着把被试分成两组，分别接受不同的处理。</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">A组：用</span><span style="text-decoration: underline; font-size: 12pt; ">5分钟</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">写下对抢劫者面貌的详细描述；</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">B组：用5分钟阅读一些无关的文字。</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">结果发现，A组指认罪犯的准确率为&nbsp;38%，B组准确率却为&nbsp;64%。</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:3.7500pt; margin-top:0pt; line-height:12.6000pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Meissner</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Brigham</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">在2001年对做的一个统合分析（</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">meta-analysis</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">），发现语词遮蔽效应显著，效应大小（effect&nbsp;size）不强，Fish&#39;s&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Zr</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">=.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">12</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">。过去的研究也发现，这一效应有时候会不显著、没有、甚至相反，即言语描述增强了记忆效果。(Fallshore&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Schooler,&nbsp;1995;&nbsp;Melcher&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Schooler,&nbsp;1996;&nbsp;Schooler,&nbsp;Ryan,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Reder,&nbsp;1996).&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:3.7500pt; margin-top:0pt; line-height:12.6000pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span id="more-44512"></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">实验材料</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">把人脸换成一下材料，照样出现</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.0000pt; text-indent:-21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&Oslash;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">视觉&nbsp;visual&nbsp;imagery&nbsp;(e.g.,&nbsp;Brandimonte&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Gerbino,&nbsp;1993)</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.0000pt; text-indent:-21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&Oslash;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">视觉&nbsp;</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">colours&nbsp;(Schooler&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Engstler-Schooler,&nbsp;1990)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.0000pt; text-indent:-21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&Oslash;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">味觉&nbsp;wine&nbsp;tasting&nbsp;(Melcher&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Schooler,&nbsp;1996)&nbsp;;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.0000pt; text-indent:-21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&Oslash;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">味觉&nbsp;mushrooms&nbsp;(Melcher&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Schooler,&nbsp;2004)</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.0000pt; text-indent:-21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&Oslash;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">听觉&nbsp;voice&nbsp;recognition&nbsp;(Perfect,&nbsp;Hunt,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Harris,&nbsp;2002)</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.0000pt; text-indent:-21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&Oslash;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">听觉&nbsp;</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">music&nbsp;(Houser,&nbsp;Fiore,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Schooler,&nbsp;1997)</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.0000pt; text-indent:-21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&Oslash;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">思考&nbsp;problem&nbsp;solving&nbsp;(Schooler,&nbsp;Ohlsson,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Brooks,&nbsp;1993)</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.0000pt; text-indent:-21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&Oslash;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">思考&nbsp;analogical&nbsp;reasoning&nbsp;(Lane&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Schooler,&nbsp;2004)&nbsp;</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.0000pt; text-indent:-21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<hr />
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">三种机制</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">Chin&nbsp;and&nbsp;Schooler<font face="宋体">（2008）总结了现有研究解释这一现象的3种取向</font></span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;<br />
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<td style="width:122.8500pt; padding:0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt ; border-left:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-right:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-top:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-bottom:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); " valign="top" width="163">
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">内容取向</font></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="width:211.5000pt; padding:0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt ; border-left:none; ; border-right:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-top:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-bottom:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); " valign="top" width="282">
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">将原始的（视觉）记忆，转成言语时，产生了错误表征（</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(255,0,0); font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">有点像记忆汇中的后摄抑制</font></span><span style="font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">）</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="width:207.6500pt; padding:0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt ; border-left:none; ; border-right:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-top:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-bottom:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); " valign="top" width="276">
<p class="p0" style="margin-right:4.2000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; ">Schooler&nbsp;and&nbsp;Engstler-Schooler,&nbsp;1990</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-right:4.2000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-right:4.2000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
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<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">加工过程切换取向</font></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:211.5000pt; padding:0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt ; border-left:none; ; border-right:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-top:none; ; border-bottom:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); " valign="top" width="282">
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">图像感知</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Arial'; ">&rarr;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">语言描述&rarr;</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">图像再认</font></span><span style="font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">整体加工</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Arial'; ">&rarr;&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">局部加工</font></span><span style="font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'Arial'; ">&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">整体加工</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="width:207.6500pt; padding:0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt ; border-left:none; ; border-right:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-top:none; ; border-bottom:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); " valign="top" width="276">
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">Schooler,&nbsp;2002</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="width:122.8500pt; padding:0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt ; border-left:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-right:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-top:none; ; border-bottom:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); " valign="top" width="163">
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">判断标准取向</font></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="width:211.5000pt; padding:0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt ; border-left:none; ; border-right:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-top:none; ; border-bottom:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); " valign="top" width="282">
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">经过言语描述之后，在图像再认时</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">更加谨慎</font></span><span style="font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td style="width:207.6500pt; padding:0.0000pt 5.4000pt 0.0000pt 5.4000pt ; border-left:none; ; border-right:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); border-top:none; ; border-bottom:0.5000pt solid rgb(0,0,0); " valign="top" width="276">
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">Clare&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Lewandowsky,&nbsp;2004</span><span style="font-size:10.5000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<ul>
<li><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">内容取向</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 即编码干扰理论（recoding&nbsp;interference&nbsp;theory）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">加工过程切换取向</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 即不合适的加工过程切换理论（transfer&nbsp;inappropriate&nbsp;processing&nbsp;shift）&nbsp;</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">判断标准取向</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-left: 40px; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;如果在面部再认时，其中一个选项是&ldquo;呈现的图片中，没有刚才那个人面&rdquo;，那组经过&#8230;会选这个选项的人更多。也就是说，提高了人们判断的标准。（让被试评价自己的确定性，看是否更不肯定自己的选择，更加犹豫）</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; margin-left: 40px; ">&nbsp;</p>
<hr />
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">我的分析</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">首先，这个现象属于记忆的范畴。接着，在想想这里涉及到的哪些概念。我添加了另外一个组，方便我们对比这3组来分析语词遮蔽这个现象。（第一组是新添加：被试看着图像来描述这幅图像，描述的时候可以回看图像）</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><img alt="" height="243" src="http://copsy.info/hehe/wp-content/uploads/verbal_overshadowing1(1).png" width="370" /></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><img alt="" height="239" src="http://copsy.info/hehe/wp-content/uploads/verbal_overshadowing2.png" width="318" /></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">1、</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">实验刺激本身的特点</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">回看过去使用过得的实验材料：面孔、色彩、音乐、味道等，相对来说都比较难用言语描述。因此，被试的知觉能力与言语能力会影响言语遮蔽的效果大小，知觉能力强但表达能力差的人，应该言语遮蔽更明显。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">实验证据：<span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;">Melcher&nbsp;and&nbsp;Schooler&nbsp;(2004)&nbsp;发现，训练A组被试通过看一些列蘑菇的图片，来学习再认蘑菇的种类，而B组则听一堂描述蘑菇的结果和外表特点的课程，结果A组的言语遮蔽更明显。（这个实验感觉还设计得不是很好）</span></font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">由于面孔描述的困难，在描述过程中，被试倾向于</span><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; font-size: 12pt; ">重点描述那些容易用语言描述的信息，忽略那些不易用语言描述的整体的信息</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">（Meissner,&nbsp;Brigham,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Kelley,&nbsp;2001;&nbsp;Melcher&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Schooler,&nbsp;2004），这些被忽略的整体信息恰恰在面孔识别中起重要作用（Tanaka&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Farah,&nbsp;2003;&nbsp;Tanaka&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Sengco,&nbsp;1997）。</span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><br />
	</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">2、</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">记忆的强度：再</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">认vs再现</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">过去的研究发现，回忆记忆（Recognition&nbsp;memory）由两个部分组成：熟悉度（familiarity</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">）与回忆度（</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recollection"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">recollection</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">），即记得（remembering）和知道（knowing）。就像选择题与填空题的区别一样，有些知识你只能再认，但不能再现。只能再认的内容，你只记得大概的特征；再认的内容，则需要你记得准确的细节。</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">言语遮蔽会出现，我觉得有个前提：刺激只呈现很短的时间，留在脑海里只是一个整体、大概的是视觉记忆。当我们将</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">模糊的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">视觉</span><span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; font-size: 12pt; ">记忆</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">转换成</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">精确的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">语义记忆时。（注意：虽然这样研究中，使用的词都是&ldquo;describe&rdquo;，其实这不是平常的描述一个人长相的过程，它其实是回忆的过程。所以，言语遮蔽的出现，既因为面孔难于用语言描述，还因为现在不是看着图像来描述。这就是图中的第1组与第3组之间的差别，图中的都着重强调了这些细微的地方）</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">实验证据：</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">a&nbsp;forced&nbsp;recall&nbsp;condition：&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Meissner,&nbsp;Brigham,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Kelley&nbsp;(2001)&nbsp;让被试在描述面孔时，即使不是很肯定也说出来，言语遮蔽效果更明显。</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; vertical-align:baseline; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Brown,&nbsp;Lloyd-Jones,&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Robinson(2008)以现实生活中的警方案件作为调查对象也发现，当要求被试提供更精细的描述，或者不论被试是否肯定正确性，都把它描述出来时。</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">3、记忆的类型：视觉记忆&nbsp;vs&nbsp;语义记忆&nbsp;&nbsp;（略）</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">4、加工的过程：整体知觉与具体加工</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">个人觉得以下这个实验给加工过程切换取向带来了十分有力的实验支持（要想证明加工过程切换取向是错的，就所得首先找到另外一种假设来解释这个实验）</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">加工过程切换取向认为</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">，语词遮蔽的过程是：整体加工&rarr;&nbsp;局部加工&rarr;整体加工（同时也是图像感知&rarr;&nbsp;语言描述&rarr;图像再认）。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">有人就让那些刚描述完刚才录像里的外貌之后，晚上下图的Navon测验：其中一半的被试要求说出这些小的字母组成的是啥（答案是：A，整体加工）；另外一半要求说出那些小的字母是啥（答案是：C，局部加工）</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;结果发现，描述完外貌（局部加工）之后，会更快的说出那些小的字母是啥（局部加工）。</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><img alt="" height="272" src="http://copsy.info/hehe/wp-content/uploads/verbal_overshadowing3.png" width="326" /></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">一些manipulation</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; text-indent:-18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; text-indent:-18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">描述非目标对象</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">下面这个实验也是给切换取向带来了十分有力的实验支持（很难用第一种假设，即编码干扰理论来解释）</span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Nakabayashi&nbsp;and&nbsp;Burton&nbsp;回忆一个人的外貌，而这个并非是刚才让被试看过的。此时，被试先前并没有用语言来描述他，结果被试的成绩还是下降了（编码干扰理论认为，因为用语言描述过，&ldquo;污染&rdquo;了原来的记忆，此时就很难解释</span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">）</span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Dodson&nbsp;et&nbsp;al.&nbsp;(1997)&nbsp;presented&nbsp;participants&nbsp;with&nbsp;two&nbsp;dissimilar&nbsp;faces&nbsp;(a&nbsp;male&nbsp;and&nbsp;female).&nbsp;The&nbsp;researchers&nbsp;found&nbsp;that&nbsp;verbalising&nbsp;one&nbsp;face,&nbsp;either&nbsp;the&nbsp;male&nbsp;or&nbsp;female&nbsp;face,&nbsp;not&nbsp;only&nbsp;impaired&nbsp;memory&nbsp;for&nbsp;that&nbsp;face,&nbsp;but&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;other&nbsp;face&nbsp;presented.&nbsp;Similarly,&nbsp;Westerman&nbsp;and&nbsp;Larsen&nbsp;(1997)&nbsp;found&nbsp;that&nbsp;when&nbsp;participants&nbsp;viewed&nbsp;a&nbsp;photograph&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;car&nbsp;and&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;face,&nbsp;describing&nbsp;the&nbsp;car&nbsp;impaired&nbsp;memory&nbsp;for&nbsp;both&nbsp;the&nbsp;car&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;face.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Brown&nbsp;and&nbsp;Lloyd-Jones&nbsp;(2002,&nbsp;2003)&nbsp;found&nbsp;a&nbsp;similar&nbsp;effect&nbsp;when&nbsp;they&nbsp;presented&nbsp;participants&nbsp;with&nbsp;13&nbsp;faces&nbsp;and&nbsp;only&nbsp;asked&nbsp;that&nbsp;they&nbsp;describe&nbsp;the&nbsp;13th&nbsp;face&nbsp;presented.&nbsp;They&nbsp;found&nbsp;that&nbsp;recognition&nbsp;accuracy&nbsp;was&nbsp;impaired&nbsp;not&nbsp;only&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;verbalised&nbsp;face,&nbsp;but&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;12&nbsp;faces&nbsp;presented&nbsp;prior&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;verbalised&nbsp;face.&nbsp;</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; text-indent:-18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><br />
	</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; text-indent:-18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; text-indent:-18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:18.0000pt; text-indent:-18.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">2.&nbsp;描述完之后，也过一会才recognize（延时对记忆的提高）</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">编码干扰理论就不是很好的能解释延时对减少语词遮蔽的作用。因为根据编码干扰理论，原来的记忆受到了污染，不管你再间隔多少时间，它还是受到了污染，不像原来那么准备。所以，这个也是用加工过程切换取向来解释更好。</span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><br />
	</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">描述完之后，听音乐Finger&nbsp;and&nbsp;Pezdek&nbsp;(1999)&nbsp;when&nbsp;they&nbsp;replicated&nbsp;the&nbsp;verbal&nbsp;overshadowing&nbsp;phenomenon,&nbsp;but&nbsp;found&nbsp;that&nbsp;when&nbsp;a&nbsp;significant&nbsp;delay&nbsp;is&nbsp;inserted&nbsp;between&nbsp;verbalisation&nbsp;and&nbsp;recognition,&nbsp;the&nbsp;verbal&nbsp;overshadowing&nbsp;effect&nbsp;is&nbsp;attenuated.&nbsp;They&nbsp;termed&nbsp;this&nbsp;finding,&nbsp;a&nbsp;&lsquo;&lsquo;release&rsquo;&rsquo;&nbsp;from&nbsp;verbal&nbsp;overshadowing.&nbsp;</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">玩迷宫游戏Finger&nbsp;(2002)&nbsp;later&nbsp;replicated&nbsp;this&nbsp;release,&nbsp;replacing&nbsp;the&nbsp;delay&nbsp;by&nbsp;either&nbsp;having&nbsp;participants&nbsp;listen&nbsp;to&nbsp;music,&nbsp;or&nbsp;working&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;maze.&nbsp;According&nbsp;the&nbsp;processing&nbsp;account,&nbsp;listening&nbsp;to&nbsp;music&nbsp;or&nbsp;working&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;maze&nbsp;may&nbsp;have&nbsp;allowed&nbsp;participants&nbsp;to&nbsp;shift&nbsp;back&nbsp;towards&nbsp;global&nbsp;processing&nbsp;more&nbsp;quickly,&nbsp;thus&nbsp;explaining&nbsp;the&nbsp;absence&nbsp;of&nbsp;verbal&nbsp;overshadowing.</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><br />
	</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<hr />
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;"><br />
	</span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; ">研究出路</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">1）</span></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">让被试在最后的罪犯</span>再认阶段，直接问被试：此时，他是会回想他刚才的描述，还是说更多的回忆之前的图像（看看他，究竟<font face="宋体">是在提取先前的语义记忆，还是图像的视觉记忆）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">2）</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">原来我们有2组被试，现增加第3组，然后比较第2、3组的表现。除了记录被试在再认阶段的准确判断性、反应时等，还可以问问他们对自己的判断的肯定程度（是否对自己的判断很有把握）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; "></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">看</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">图像再认</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&sbquo;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">看</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">描述</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">图像再认</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">③看</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">回想（不说出来）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">图像再认</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">3）</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">由于语词遮蔽的过程，同时也是图像感知&rarr;&nbsp;语言描述&rarr;图像再认的切换过程。如果在再认阶段，我们给被试呈现的不是图像，而是一些书面的描述句子，让被试来判断其正确。那么其加工过程变成：</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; "></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">看</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">句子再认</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Wingdings'; ">&sbquo;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">看</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">描述</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">句子再认</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">③看</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">回想（不说出来）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">&nbsp;&rarr;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;<font face="宋体">句子再认</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">4<font face="宋体">）情绪状态的影响。如果是真实中，看到银行抢劫，情绪可能会很紧张；而在实验室观看抢劫的录像，可能情绪很平静。我们或许可以在找实验材料的时候，找到能引起情绪波动的录像（哪怕影响不是很大）</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<hr />
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">推荐的文献</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">2002&nbsp;Applied</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Cognitive</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">Psychology</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">（在2002年</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Volume&nbsp;16</span><span style="font-size: 12.5pt; ">,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; ">Issue&nbsp;8</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; ">专门出了一册来讨论语词遮蔽）</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; ">2008&nbsp;EUROPEAN&nbsp;JOURNAL&nbsp;OF&nbsp;COGNITIVE&nbsp;PSYCHOLOGY&nbsp;（也是有一期专门刊登语词遮蔽的研究）</span></li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://copsy.info/hehe/?feed=rss2&#038;p=44512</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>宁相信人是邪恶，也不相信人是善良的&#8212;诺布效应（Knobe effect）</title>
		<link>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44505</link>
		<comments>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44505#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2011 17:12:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ewhfgfgrio</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[读Paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44505</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;这是去年看的文章，后来在Edge上再一次看到的时候，才知道提出Knobe效应的是Yale的教授（见下图）。他里面提到的一个实验的题材，正是去年红火的哈佛公正课第一节课提到的例子&#8212;&#8212;那个电车撞人的道德困境。 我们有意做出某一行为，它附带产生了无意的后果，我们也预见到了这种后果的产生。有趣的是，我们在判断这一附带产生的后果是否是有意作出的时候，存在在不对称性：如果这个后果是正面的，人们倾向于判断它是无意产生的；相反，如果是负面的，人们则倾向于判断它是有意产生的。这一效应最早由Knobe在&#160;2003年提出。 4岁的儿童中就开始出现这种不对称的判断（leslie,&#160;Knob&#160;&#38;&#160;Cohen,&#160;2006;&#160;Pellizzoni,&#160;Siegal&#160;&#38;&#160;Surian,&#160;2009） 影响意图判断的3个因素 1）对行为后果的预知：是否知道这个行为会产生该后果 2）对行为后果的期望：是否希望这个后果的发生 3）做出该行为的能力：是否有能力是这个后果产生 &#160; 实验一 情景A 公司主席向董事会提议，开展一个新项目来提高公司的赢利，但这个项目会损害环境。 董事会说：&#8220;我不在乎是否会损害环境，我只想提高赢利。&#8221; 结果，如其所料，环境受到了损害。 &#160; 情景B 公司主席向董事会提议，开展一个新项目来提高公司的赢利，但这个项目会改善环境。 董事会说：&#8220;我不在乎是否会改善环境，我只想提高赢利。&#8221; 结果，如其所料，环境受到了改善。 &#160;&#160;问董事会是否有意地损害/改善环境。 &#160; 结果 情景A中，82%的人认为他是有意的损害环境； 情景B中，23%的人认为他是有意的改善环境，77%的人认为他是无意的。 &#160; 实验二 &#160; 一个口渴的人前去购买大瓶装的可乐，去到商店后发现， &#160; 情景A：买这种可乐需要多付一美元； 情景B：买这种可乐可以赢得一个纪念杯 &#160; 问这个人是否是有意地多付一美元/赢得一个纪念杯 &#160; 结果： 情景A中，95%的人认为他是有意地多付一美元； 情景B中，45%的人认为他是有意赢得一个纪念杯 &#160; 实验三 一辆电车失控了，电车正要撞向前方5名工人 情景A：刚好有个侧轨，侧轨上有1名工人 情景B：这5名工人前面还有一条狗 &#160; 为了拯救这5名工人，司机决定把电车拐向侧轨，撞死了侧轨上的那名工人 问：司机是有意撞死了侧轨上的那名工人/有意救回那条狗 &#160; 结果： 情景A中，56%的人认为他是有意撞死了侧轨上的那名工人； 情景B中，23%的人认为他是有意救回那条狗 &#160; 实验里的其他变量 ①　附带产生的效果，假如是中性的 ②　前后的利益冲突。（例如实验二，情景A得多付钱，涉及个人利益，在选择是否买的时候，得权衡和思考；而情景B中，纪念品是额外给的） [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;这是去年看的文章，后来在Edge上再一次看到的时候，才知道提出Knobe效应的是Yale的教授（见下图）。他里面提到的一个实验的题材，正是去年红火的哈佛公正课第一节课提到的例子&mdash;&mdash;那个电车撞人的道德困境。</span></p>
<p style="text-align: center; "><img alt="" height="200" src="http://pantheon.yale.edu/~jk762/enl_knobe.jpg" width="315" /></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">我们有意做出某一行为，它附带产生了无意的后果，我们也预见到了这种后果的产生。有趣的是，我们在判断这一附带产生的后果是否是有意作出的时候，存在在不对称性：如果这个后果是正面的，人们倾向于判断它是无意产生的；相反，如果是负面的，人们则倾向于判断它是有意产生的。这一效应最早由Knobe在&nbsp;2003年提出。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">4<font face="宋体">岁的儿童中就开始出现这种不对称的判断（leslie,&nbsp;Knob&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Cohen,&nbsp;2006;&nbsp;Pellizzoni,&nbsp;Siegal&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Surian,&nbsp;2009）</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span id="more-44505"></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">影响意图判断的3个因素</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">1）</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">对行为后果的预知：是否</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">知道</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">这个行为会产生该后果</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">2）</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">对行为后果的期望：是否</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">希望</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">这个后果的发生</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">3）</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">做出该行为的能力：是否</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">有能力</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">是这个后果产生</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:center; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">实验一</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景A</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:10.5000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">公司主席向董事会提议，开展一个新项目来提高公司的赢利，但这个项目会损害环境。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:10.5000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">董事会说：&ldquo;我不在乎是否会损害环境，我只想提高赢利。&rdquo;</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:10.5000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">结果，如其所料，环境受到了损害。</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:10.5000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景B</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:10.5000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">公司主席向董事会提议，开展一个新项目来提高公司的赢利，但这个项目会</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">改善</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">环境。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:10.5000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">董事会说：&ldquo;我不在乎是否会改善环境，我只想提高赢利。&rdquo;</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:10.5000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">结果，如其所料，环境受到了</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">改善</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="宋体">问董事会是否有意地损害/改善环境。</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">结果</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景A中，82%的人认为他是有意的损害环境；</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景B中，23%的人认为他是有意的改善环境，77%的人认为他是无意的。</font></span></li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">实验二</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:center; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">一个口渴的人前去购买大瓶装的可乐，去到商店后发现，</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景A：</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">买这种可乐需要多付一美元；</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景B：</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">买这种可乐可以赢得一个纪念杯</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">问这个人是否是有意地多付一美元/赢得一个纪念杯</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">结果：</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景A中，95%的人认为他是有意地多付一美元；</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景B中，45%的人认为他是有意赢得一个纪念杯</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:center; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">实验三</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">一辆电车失控了，电车正要撞向前方5名工人</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体"><strong>情景A：</strong>刚好有个侧轨，侧轨上有1名工人</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体"><strong>情景B：</strong>这5名工人前面还有一条狗</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">为了拯救这5名工人，司机决定把电车拐向侧轨，撞死了侧轨上的那名工人</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">问：司机是有意撞死了侧轨上的那名工人/有意救回那条狗</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">结果：</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景A中，56%的人认为他是有意撞死了侧轨上的那名工人；</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景B中，23%的人认为他是有意救回那条狗</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">实验里的其他变量</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">①　</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">附带产生的效果，</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">假如是中性的</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">②　</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">前后的利益冲突。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">（例如实验二，</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">情景A得多付钱，涉及个人利益，在选择是否买的时候，得权衡和思考；而情景B中，纪念品是额外给的</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">）</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="text-indent:21.0000pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">③　</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">设问的方法。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">如果变成是：a）是否应该奖励或惩罚该司机；或者b）该司机是否有责任</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">解释的理论</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.2500pt; text-indent:-21.2500pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">1)&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">Knobe<font face="宋体">的道德效价论</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.2500pt; text-indent:-21.2500pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">2)&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">Nadelhoffer&nbsp;et.al&nbsp;<font face="宋体">心理偏见</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.2500pt; text-indent:-21.2500pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">3)&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">Adams&amp;&nbsp;Steadman<font face="宋体">的语言的实用意义</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.2500pt; text-indent:-21.2500pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'Times New Roman'; ">4)&nbsp;</span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:normal; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; ">Machery<font face="宋体">的权衡假设</font></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-left:21.2500pt; text-indent:-21.2500pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">诺布效应实质是归因的过程，尤其是在信息不那么充分的情况下更加显著（Guglielmo&amp;Malle，2008）</font></span></p>
<hr />
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; ">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(0,0,255); font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">思考这个现象的本质</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; text-align:justify; "><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">我将这个效应理解为：</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(255,0,0); font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">宁相信人是邪恶，也不相信人是善良的</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(255,0,0); font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes'; color:rgb(255,0,0); font-weight:bold; font-size:12.0000pt; font-family:'宋体'; "><font face="宋体">无心做好事与无心做坏事</font></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="p0" style="margin-bottom:0pt; margin-top:0pt; ">&nbsp;</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Reference</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e7044b2bbd64783e09122bad.html">诺布效应及其理论解释&#8211;《心理科学进展》2010年01期</a></li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>推荐：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Edge组织了研究moral psychology的几个巨头，他们的<strong><a href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/morality10/morality10_index.html">讲座视频</a></strong>很好</li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://copsy.info/hehe/?feed=rss2&#038;p=44505</wfw:commentRss>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>小结：这2年不求甚解地了解过的一些领域 2</title>
		<link>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44473</link>
		<comments>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44473#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 15 May 2011 07:49:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ewhfgfgrio</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[小笔记]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44473</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[context-dependent memory 定义:&#160;学习的情景，如何过测验的情景不一样时，会测试成绩会降低。（例如，在课室A复习，而在课室B考试） 本方向研究者:&#160;TAMU的Steven Smith（其他就不清楚了） 影响记忆的context分成2种：intrinsic和extrinsic，intrinsic是参与到学习内容的加工过程，而extrinsic只起到一学习过程发生的一个background。Smith和Vela (2001) 做的一个meta-analysis显示，extrinsic contexts对记忆有modest的影响，不论是使用何种记忆测试（freerecall, cued recall, 或是 recognition test） 解释的理论包括global matching model和在其基础上建立的ICE model (item, context, andensemble information, Murnane &#38; Phelps, 1993, 1994, 1995; Murnane, et al., 1999)。我把这些模型理解为记忆激活的取向，如果学习时和测试时的情景和学习内容match的话，就既激活了对情景的记忆，也激活了学习内容的记忆，所以记忆效果更好 有趣的是，哪怕是通过imagination task（e.g.幻想一下你家里的摆设，或者某次去旅行的经历），通过改变你的mental context（而非physical context）也会影响记忆的效果。 &#160; 综述类文献推荐: Smith, S. M., &#38; Vela, E. (2001). Environmental context-dependent memory: A review and meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin &#38; [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<fieldset style="margin:1em 0; padding:1em 1.5em;">
<legend><span style="color:#00f;"><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">context-dependent memory</span></strong></span></legend>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span style="font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">定义:&nbsp;</b></span></strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">学习的情景，如何过测验的情景不一样时，会测试成绩会降低。（例如，在课室A复习，而在课室B考试）</span></span></b></span></strong></span></p>
<p><strong><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">本方向研究者</b>:</strong><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;TAMU的Steven Smith（其他就不清楚了）</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; ">影响记忆的context分成2种：intrinsic和extrinsic，intrinsic是参与到学习内容的加工过程，而extrinsic只起到一学习过程发生的一个background。Smith和Vela (2001) 做的一个meta-analysis显示，extrinsic contexts对记忆有modest的影响，不论是使用何种记忆测试（freerecall, cued recall, 或是 recognition test）</span></b></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:14px;">解释的理论包括global matching model和在其基础上建立的ICE model (item, context, andensemble information, Murnane &amp; Phelps, 1993, 1994, 1995; Murnane, et al., 1999)。我把这些模型理解为记忆激活的取向，如果学习时和测试时的情景和学习内容match的话，就既激活了对情景的记忆，也激活了学习内容的记忆，所以记忆效果更好</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:14px;">有趣的是，哪怕是通过imagination task（e.g.幻想一下你家里的摆设，或者某次去旅行的经历），通过改变你的mental context（而非physical context）也会影响记忆的效果。</span></li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">综述类文献</b></span></strong></span></b></span>推荐</b></span>:</strong></span></b></span></p>
<ul>
<li><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#666666" face="'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif" size="2"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Smith, S. M., &amp; Vela, E. (2001). Environmental context-dependent memory: A review and meta-</span></font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18px; ">analysis. <em>Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review</em>, 8(2), 203-220.&nbsp;</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">我也写过一个总结，有兴趣的朋友可以contact me。</b></span></strong></span></strong></span></li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><span id="more-44473"></span><br />
	</span></p>
<fieldset style="margin:1em 0; padding:1em 1.5em;">
<legend> <span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#00f;">verbal overshadowing</span></span></strong></span></legend>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">定义: </b></span></strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">我们通常都会让目击者描述一下犯人的面貌，然后就对着一排的嫌疑犯，把犯人认出来。我们通常认为，对外部刺激事件的言语描述有助于记忆。但是，在这种情况下，言语描述反而导致记忆效果更差，即出现言语遮蔽或译为语词遮蔽（verbal overshadowing）</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">机制：</b></span></strong></span></p>
<p>	<span _fck_bookmark="1" style="display: none; ">&nbsp;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Chin and Schooler</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">2008</span><span style="font-family:<br />
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">）总结了现有研究解释这一现象的</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;<br />
mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">种取向</span></span></p>
<p>	<span _fck_bookmark="1" style="display: none; ">&nbsp;</span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse:collapse;mso-table-layout-alt:fixed;border:none;<br />
 mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;<br />
 mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext"><br />
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width:122.85pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="164">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">内容取向</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="width:211.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:<br />
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="282">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;<br />
  font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">将原始的（视觉）记忆，转成言语时，产生了错误表征（<span style="color:red">有点像记忆汇中的后摄抑制</span>）</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:207.65pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:4.8pt;mso-para-margin-right:.4gd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">Schooler and Engstler-Schooler, 1990<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:122.85pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;<br />
  padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" valign="top" width="164">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">加工过程切换取向</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="width:211.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;<br />
  font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">图像感知</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;<br />
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&rarr; </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:<br />
  10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial">语言描述</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:<br />
  &quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;">图像再认</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;<br />
  font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">整体加工</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;<br />
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&rarr; </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:<br />
  10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">局部加工</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;<br />
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-bidi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&rarr;</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:<br />
  10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">整体加工</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;<br />
  mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:207.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:<br />
  10.0pt">Schooler, 2002<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-lastrow:yes">
<td style="width:122.85pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14px;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">判断标准取向</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="width:211.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;<br />
  font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:<br />
  &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">经过言语描述之后，在图像再认时<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">更加谨慎</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="width:207.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:<br />
  10.0pt">Clare &amp; Lewandowsky, 2004<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">从那些证明加工过程切换取向的实验中，我学习到一些区分整体加工和部分加工的实验操作（例如Navon task）。</b></span></strong></span></strong></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">我写过一个总结，里面列了参考文献，有兴趣的朋友可以观望一下。</b></span></strong></span></strong></span></p>
</fieldset>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<fieldset style="margin:1em 0; padding:1em 1.5em;">
<legend><span style="color:#00f;"><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">intelligence &amp; neural basis</span></strong></span></legend>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">综述类文献</b></span></strong></span></b></span>推荐</b></span>:</strong></span></b></span></p>
<ul>
<li><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#666666" face="'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif" size="2"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Jung, R. E., &amp; Haier, R. J. (2007). The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence.<em> Behav Brain Sci</em>, 30(2), 135-154; discussion 154-187.</span></font></li>
<li><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#666666" face="'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif" size="2"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;">Neubauer, A. C., &amp; Fink, A. (2009). Intelligence and neural efficiency. <em>Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews</em>, 33(7), 1004-1023.</span></font></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; BBS(</b></span></strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18px; "><em>Behav Brain Sci</em></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">) </b></span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">上的文章挺好玩的，一篇target文章，后面接着其他研究者对这篇文章的评论。第2篇文章中，Neural efficiency是一个假设，认为聪明的人在面对同样的task的时候，消耗更小的脑力。（聪明的人更能抑制与完成task无关的大脑区域，从而更有效率地使用大脑）</b></span></span></p>
</fieldset>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>https://copsy.info/hehe/?feed=rss2&#038;p=44473</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>小结：这2年不求甚解地了解过的一些领域 1</title>
		<link>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44462</link>
		<comments>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44462#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 May 2011 19:40:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ewhfgfgrio</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[小笔记]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44462</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160;&#160; &#160;一直在寻找自己相对喜欢、而且觉得自己的能力胜任的研究方向，于是在几个领域蜻蜓点水。除了transfer of learning，我还算看过几篇paper，其他我都不算熟悉。 （Note：我至今还没有确定方向） Transfer of Learning 本方向牛人:&#160;斯坦福的Schwartz，华盛顿大学的Bransford和Miriam Bassok，还在世的Keith Holyoak，Pittsburgh的James Greeno和Timothy &#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;Bransford 是个大牛。他和Schwartz、Petrosino从Vanderbilt毕业后，Schwartz去了斯坦福，Petrosino来了UT-Austin，他去了华大。学教育的都知道Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt（CTGV）编写的那套Jasper教材，估计也是他领导的。（Jasper在那个年代很热，现在好像没那么潮了）。至于Schwartz，大家可以去看看他的AAA lab &#160;&#160; &#160; 华大（西雅图那个）有个LIFE center，由NSF资助，华盛顿大学、斯坦福大学、SRI 联合的一个研究机构。可惜他们的教育心理系不是很有钱，出来Bransford外，就剩下Philip Bell比较推荐。Schwartz的04年(？)的毕业生David Sears也可以考虑，他在Purdue教育心理系，研究colloborative learning. &#160; 综述类文献推荐: 【1】Helfenstein, S. (2005). Transfer: review, reconstruction, and resolution. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Jyv&#228;skyl&#228;) 【2】Mestre, J. (2003). Transfer of learning: Issues and research agenda: [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;一直在寻找自己相对喜欢、而且觉得自己的能力胜任的研究方向，于是在几个</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(59, 59, 59); font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; ">领域蜻蜓点水。</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">除了transfer of learning，我还算看过几篇paper，其他我都不算熟悉。 （</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">Note：我至今还没有确定方向）</span></p>
<fieldset style="margin:1em 0; padding:1em 1.5em;">
<legend> <span style="font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="color:#00f;">Transfer of Learning</span></span></strong></span></legend>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">本方向牛人</b></span>:</strong></span><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;斯坦福的Schwartz，华盛顿大学的Bransford和Miriam Bassok，还在世的Keith Holyoak，Pittsburgh的James Greeno和Timothy</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Bransford 是个大牛。他和Schwartz、Petrosino从Vanderbilt毕业后</strong>，Schwartz去了斯坦福，Petrosino来了UT-Austin，他去了华大。学教育的都知道Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt（CTGV）编写的那套Jasper教材，估计也是他领导的。（Jasper在那个年代很热，现在好像没那么潮了）。至于Schwartz，大家可以去看看他的<a href="http://aaalab.stanford.edu">AAA lab</a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 华大（西雅图那个）有个LIFE center，由NSF资助，华盛顿大学、斯坦福大学、SRI 联合的一个研究机构。可惜他们的教育心理系不是很有钱，出来Bransford外，就剩下Philip Bell比较推荐。Schwartz的04年(？)的毕业生David Sears也可以考虑，他在Purdue教育心理系，研究colloborative learning.</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">综述类文献</b></span></strong></span></b></span>推荐</b></span>:</strong></span></b></span></p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; ">【1】Helfenstein, S. (2005). Transfer: review, reconstruction, and resolution. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Jyv&auml;skyl&auml;)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; " /><br />
		【2】Mestre, J. (2003). Transfer of learning: Issues and research agenda: Report of a workshop held at the National Science Foundation.&nbsp;<br style="word-wrap: break-word; " /><br />
		【3】Daniel L. Schwartz, John D. Bransford, &amp; David Sears. (2005). Efficiency and innovation in transfer. In J. P. Mestre (Ed.), Transfer of learning from a modern multidisciplinary perspective (pp. 1-52). Greenwich, CT: IAP.<br style="word-wrap: break-word; " /><br />
		【4】Barnett, S. M., &amp; Ceci, S. J. (2002). When and where do we apply what we learn? A taxonomy for far transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 612-637.</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 第一篇是一篇博士论文</p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 14px; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 21px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; 《学习科学杂志》(Journal of the Learning Sciences)在 2006 年也制作了一期专辑来介绍学习的迁移的最新研究<strong style="word-wrap: break-word; font-weight: 700; ">（大家可以去看看那一期）</strong></span></p>
</fieldset>
<p><span id="more-44462"></span></p>
<fieldset style="margin:1em 0; padding:1em 1.5em;">
<legend><span style="color:#00f;"><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">Analogy learning</span></strong></span></legend>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">本方向研究者</b></span>:</strong></span><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;Northwestern的Gentner，Gentner的学生Markman（UT-Austin），UIUC的Ross</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; ">analogy transfer算是推动了transfer of learning的研究，之前在problem solving领域算是热过。</span></b></span></li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<fieldset style="margin:1em 0; padding:1em 1.5em;">
<legend><span style="color:#00f;"><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">Reinforcement learning</span></strong></span></legend>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">本方向</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">研究者</b></span></strong></span>:</strong></span><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;UT-Austin的Love，NYU的Daw（我暂时只知道这些）</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;">Reinforcement learning是CS里面的一个研究领域，在心理学里，好像是用来研究人的决策，例如<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-armed_bandit#Empirical_motivation">multi-armed bandit problem</a></span></li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<fieldset style="margin:1em 0; padding:1em 1.5em;">
<legend><strong><span style="color:#00f;"><span style="font-size:14px;">Cognitive Stlye</span></span></strong></legend>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">本方向</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">研究者</b></span></strong></span></strong></span>:</strong></span><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;香港大学教育心理系的<a href="http://web.edu.hku.hk/academic_staff.php?staffId=lfzhang">Zhang Li-fang</a></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:14px;">她发很多paper，而且是发在不错的期刊上，和Sternberg编过书。不过不知道为啥，她的paper都只有她一个人。难道她不招生？</span></li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">综述类文献</b></span></strong></span></b></span>推荐</b></span>:</strong></span></b></span></p>
<ul>
<li><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#444444" face="Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; ">Zhang and R. J. Sternberg (Eds.),(2009).&nbsp;<i style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">Perspectives on the nature of intellectual styles.</i>&nbsp;Springer Publishing Company: New York. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=6drSmW4AbfEC&amp;pg=PA208&amp;dq=Zhang+and+R.+J.+Sternberg+(Eds.),+Perspectives+on+the+nature+of+intellectual+styles.+Springer+Publishing+Company:+New+York.&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=GVLPTYaaEcS5tgeuzc2SDg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">(Google Book)</a></span></span></font></li>
</ul>
</fieldset>
<fieldset style="margin:1em 0; padding:1em 1.5em;">
<legend><span style="color:#00f;"><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">Creativity &amp; Critical Thinking</span></strong></span></legend>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">创造力的</b></span></strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">研究者</b></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>:</strong></span><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;不甚了解，但我知道Georgia的教育学院有个Torrance Center for Creativity &amp; Talent Development，里面应该有几个教授都是研究创造力相关的，例如Mark Runco。IUB教育心理系的Jonathan Plucker总结了intelligence的研究历史（</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">见下图）</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">，他们还有个<a href="http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/map.shtml">专门的网站</a>。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">Critical Thinking的</b></span></strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Tahoma, 'Microsoft Yahei', Simsun; font-weight: normal; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 18px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; ">研究者</b></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px; "><strong>:</strong></span><span style="font-size: 14px; ">&nbsp;</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">不甚了解，不过</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">好像</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">大多数研究者都在一些小学校，或者不在心理系，而在教育学院（估计是因为这个东西偏向于教学实践，而非理论研究）。我暂时查到有多伦多大学的的<a href="http://web.mac.com/kstanovich/iWeb/Site/Home.html">Keith Stanovich</a>，多大有个系叫<a href="http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/hdap/">Human Development and Applied Psychology</a>。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><img alt="" src="http://copsy.info/hehe/wp-content/uploads/History of Creativity.gif" /></p>
</fieldset>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>学术是某几个人的游戏场，我们都是陪玩?</title>
		<link>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44452</link>
		<comments>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44452#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 May 2011 09:02:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ewhfgfgrio</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[小笔记]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44452</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[之前认识到一位南开大学数学系、TAMU刚毕业的年轻老师。他聊到了一些东西。 &#160; 牛人与神人 &#160;&#160; &#160; 数学界有四大神刊，他的老板在开某个学术年会休息时看电视，某大牛也坐下了下来，一边演算，不时地抬头说电视好看，2、3个月之后，又一篇四大神刊就出来了（而国内的院士能发一两篇就爽死了）。 &#160; 一堆牛人与一个神人 &#160;&#160; &#160; 欧洲一个数学课题组（由几个牛人撑着），每年靠这个课题申请到不少funding，某一年，又是上面的这位神人，听了这个课题组在报告课题的进展，之后，神人就说，结尾时能不能给他30分钟做个报告，结果他就把这个课题分析得都差不多了。此后，这个课题组就再也申请不到资金了。 &#160; 野人 &#160;&#160; &#160; 俄国有一个证明了庞加莱猜想的野人，把自己写的11篇文章不投到期刊，只放到网上。后来，获得菲尔兹奖（数学界的诺贝尔），但他据领。 &#160;&#160; &#160; 再举一个例子，陶哲轩，澳洲华裔。他在分析领域（数学的一个分支）差不多所有方向都有贡献（一般人在一两个小领域有所建树就已经很了不起了），24岁UCLA拿到终生教授，还每周写blog，&#8220;都不知道他哪有这么多时间&#8221;。 &#160; Link: 陶哲轩写的：做数学一定要是天才吗？&#160;&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160; &#160; CodeWay的评论：数学家陶哲轩被认为是美国最聪明的年轻人之一，本博曾经介绍过他，而他在新近的一片博文里却否认天才一说，认为研究数学更需要的踏踏实实和默默无闻，关于这个观点，大牛zhiqiang认为是&#8220;站着说话不腰疼&#8221;，的确，能做到像陶老大那样的成就，说他不是天才简直没人相信 聊聊UT的教授 Barbara Dodd, David Ress, David Buss, 这3位是我目前接触过的教授中，比较敬佩的几位教授。 &#160;&#160; &#160; Dr. Dodd是研究IRT的，随口能说出哪个教授在哪年发的paper，尽管她教的那门IRT不算什么有趣的东西，但她的课是目前为止我觉得上得最好的课。她上课经常讲她自己的研究经历和故事，让你觉得她是个活生生的人，而不只是一堆冷冰冰的知识。 &#160;&#160; &#160; Dr. Ress是我唯一上过的一门相对理科的课（统计课不算），而且是和本科生一起上。Dr.Ress超级nice，且approachable。 &#160;&#160; &#160; Dr. Buss是由于他的光环效应造成的，也是我第一门在心理系上的课，由此才知道他的学生都是多么的smart，相形见绌。 &#160;]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 18px; color: #3b3b3b; font-size: 14px;">之前认识到一位南开大学数学系、TAMU刚毕业的年轻老师。他聊到了一些东西。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div id="_mcePaste">
<div id="_mcePaste"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>牛人与神人</strong></span></div>
<div id="_mcePaste"><span style="font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 数学界有四大神刊，他的老板在开某个学术年会休息时看电视，某大牛也坐下了下来，一边演算，不时地抬头说电视好看，2、3个月之后，又一篇四大神刊就出来了（而国内的院士能发一两篇就爽死了）。</span></div>
<div id="_mcePaste">&nbsp;</div>
<div id="_mcePaste"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>一堆牛人与一个神人</strong></span></div>
<div id="_mcePaste"><span style="font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 欧洲一个数学课题组（由几个牛人撑着），每年靠这个课题申请到不少funding，某一年，又是上面的这位神人，听了这个课题组在报告课题的进展，之后，神人就说，结尾时能不能给他30分钟做个报告，结果他就把这个课题分析得都差不多了。此后，这个课题组就再也申请不到资金了。</span></div>
<div id="_mcePaste">&nbsp;</div>
<div id="_mcePaste"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>野人</strong></span></div>
<div id="_mcePaste"><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 俄国有一个证明了庞加莱猜想的野人，把自己写的11篇文章不投到期刊，只放到网上。后来，获得菲尔兹奖（数学界的诺贝尔），但他据领。</span></div>
<div id="_mcePaste"><span style="font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; 再举一个例子，陶哲轩，澳洲华裔。他在分析领域（数学的一个分支）差不多所有方向都有贡献（一般人在一两个小领域有所建树就已经很了不起了），24岁UCLA拿到终生教授，还每周写<a href="http://terrytao.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">blog</a>，&ldquo;都不知道他哪有这么多时间&rdquo;。</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><br />
		</span></div>
<div><strong><span style="font-size:14px;">Link:</span></strong></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; ">陶哲轩写的：</span><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; "><a href="http://www.thecodeway.com/blog/?p=783" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 204); text-decoration: underline; ">做数学一定要是天才吗？</a></span></strong></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; CodeWay的评论：数学家陶哲轩被认为是美国最聪明的年轻人之一，本博曾经<a href="http://www.thecodeway.com/blog/?p=492" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 204); text-decoration: underline; " target="_blank">介绍过他</a>，而他在新近的一片博文里却否认天才一说，认为研究数学更需要的踏踏实实和默默无闻，关于这个观点，大牛<a href="http://zhiqiang.org/blog/science/does-one-have-to-be-a-genius-to-do-maths.html" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 204); text-decoration: underline; " target="_blank">zhiqiang</a>认为是&ldquo;站着说话不腰疼&rdquo;，的确，能做到像陶老大那样的成就，说他不是天才简直没人相信</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><br />
		</span></div>
<div>
<hr />
<p style="text-align: center; "><strong><span style="font-size:14px;"><br />
			聊聊UT的教授</span></strong></p>
</p></div>
<div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">Barbara Dodd, David Ress, David Buss, 这3位是我目前接触过的教授中，比较敬佩的几位教授。</span></div>
<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Dr. Dodd是研究IRT的，随口能说出哪个教授在哪年发的paper，尽管她教的那门IRT不算什么有趣的东西，但她的课是目前为止我觉得上得最好的课。她上课经常讲她自己的研究经历和故事，让你觉得她是个活生生的人，而不只是一堆冷冰冰的知识。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Dr. Ress是我唯一上过的一门相对理科的课（统计课不算），而且是和本科生一起上。Dr.Ress超级nice，且approachable。</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:14px;">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Dr. Buss是由于他的光环效应造成的，也是我第一门在心理系上的课，由此才知道他的学生都是多么的smart，相形见绌。</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</p></div>
</div>
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		<item>
		<title>你的感觉，我看得见</title>
		<link>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44405</link>
		<comments>https://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44405#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 09 Jan 2011 18:30:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ewhfgfgrio</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[读Paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://copsy.info/hehe/?p=44405</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Jonathan Harris和一位斯坦福的教授，收集了人们博客上含有&#8220;I feel&#8221;字眼、描写自己的feeling的句子。他们发现： 年轻时，我们把兴奋看作是幸福；年老时，我们把幸福理解为平安。When people are young, they tend to associate happiness with excitement; when people get older, they tend to associate happiness with peacefulness. 女人比男人更感受到爱，也更常有自责感；男人比女人自我感觉更良好，但也却常感到孤单。Women feel love more often than man, but also more guilty; man feel good more often than man, but also more alone. 不管如何，人越老，更感觉幸福已经临到。When people are getting older, they tend to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="color: rgb(246, 0, 79); font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Jonathan Harris和一位斯坦福的教授，收集了人们博客上含有&ldquo;I feel&rdquo;字眼、描写自己的feeling的句子。他们发现：</span></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;"><strong>年轻时，我们把兴奋看作是幸福；年老时，我们把幸福理解为平安。</strong>When people are young, they tend to associate happiness with excitement; when people get older, they tend to associate happiness with peacefulness.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;"><strong>女人比男人更感受到爱，也更常有自责感；男人比女人自我感觉更良好，但也却常感到孤单。</strong>Women feel love more often than man, but also more guilty; man feel good more often than man, but also more alone. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;"><strong>不管如何，人越老，更感觉幸福已经临到。</strong>When people are getting older, they tend to become happier.</span></span></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; "><strong>推荐网站</strong>：<a href="http://www.wefeelfine.org/creators.html" target="_blank">http://www.WeFeelFine.org/</a></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; "><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; ">作者的其他作品：<a href="http://www.number27.org/work.html" target="_blank">http://www.number27.org/work.html</a></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; ">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; ">&nbsp;</div>
</div>
<div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">(尽管这种研究取向在CS领域不算什么新鲜，但个人十分看好，这种方法在心理学里的运用。</span></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif;">有兴趣的同学还可以看看<strong><a href="http://copsy.info/hehe/2010/01/03/%E5%90%AC%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B2%E5%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93/">Tal Yarkoni</a>的研究</strong>)</span></span></div>
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